By Jennifer Campbell, PA-C
Physician Assistant, Physicans Plus Urgent Care

As the autumn leaves change, enter the season of increased viral transmission—influenza season. Influenza, or the flu, is a viral respiratory infection that triggers seasonal epidemics throughout the fall and winter. The flu is a common illness, but that doesn’t mean that it is safe. Prepare for this flu season by taking preventative measures, staying aware of the symptoms, and learning what to do if you do get sick.

Though new flu strains emerge annually, the core symptoms remain consistent. Key signs to watch for include fever, chills, muscle aches, sore throat, runny nose, headache, and cough, which often appear suddenly. Additional symptoms may include nausea, dizziness, chest tightness, sinus congestion, and diarrhea. Potential complications range from sinus and ear infections to pneumonia, aggravation of chronic conditions like asthma, COPD, or diabetes, and even fatal outcomes.

While anyone can contract the flu certain groups face a significantly higher risk of severe complications. Older adults, pregnant individuals, individuals with obesity or immunocompromised systems, people living with chronic conditions, and children younger than five are considered high risk. Young and healthy individuals are not immune from complications and should still take flu prevention and illness seriously. 

Annual vaccination is essential because flu viruses continuously evolve, and protective immunity (either from previous illness or vaccination) wanes over time. Each season's vaccine is developed using predictive models to target the most threatening anticipated strains. 

Flu vaccines are a safe, effective way to prevent illness, reduce the risk of severe complications if infection does occur, and help protect vulnerable individuals who cannot receive the vaccine. Peak flu activity typically spans from October through March. Early October is the optimal time for getting vaccinated, as antibody protection develops about two weeks after injection. But, vaccination at any time during the season is still beneficial. 

Prevention goes beyond receiving the vaccine annually.  Maintaining a balanced diet, prioritizing adequate sleep, washing hands frequently, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can also help you avoid flu infection. 

If you suspect you have the flu, seek medical evaluation promptly. Antiviral medications can be used to substantially lower the risk of severe complications, and are most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset. You can help symptoms of the flu at home with the following:

• Prioritizing rest
• Staying hydrated with water or electrolyte-rich fluids
• Consuming warm broths or teas
• Using honey (for individuals over one year old)
• Utilizing humidifiers or steam
• Gargling salt water
• Applying saline nasal sprays
• Taking over-the-counter symptom-relief medications. 

Watch for severe ear or sinus pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, signs of dehydration, or significant blood sugar fluctuations in individuals with diabetes. These warrant medical attention from your primary care provider, urgent care, or emergency department.